Introduction to Galois Theory

국립 연구 고등 경제 대학

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A very beautiful classical theory on field extensions of a certain type (Galois extensions) initiated by Galois in the 19th century. Explains, in particular, why it is not possible to solve an equation of degree 5 or more in the same way as we solve quadratic or cubic equations. You will learn to compute Galois groups and (before that) study the properties of various field extensions.
We first shall survey the basic notions and properties of field extensions: algebraic, transcendental, finite field extensions, degree of an extension,  algebraic closure, decomposition field of a polynomial. 
Then we shall do a bit of commutative algebra (finite algebras over a field, base change via tensor product) and apply this  to study the notion of separability in some detail. 
After that we shall discuss Galois extensions and Galois correspondence and give many examples (cyclotomic extensions, finite fields, Kummer extensions, Artin-Schreier extensions, etc.). 
We shall address the question of solvability of equations by radicals (Abel theorem). We shall also try to explain the relation to representations and to topological  coverings. 
Finally, we shall briefly discuss  extensions of rings (integral elemets, norms, traces, etc.) and explain how to use the reduction modulo primes to compute Galois groups.

PREREQUISITES 
A first course in general algebra — groups, rings, fields, modules, ideals. Some knowledge of commutative algebra (prime and maximal ideals — first few pages of any book in commutative algebra) is welcome. For exercises we also shall need some elementary facts about groups and their actions on sets, groups of permutations and, marginally, 
the statement of Sylow's theorems.

ASSESSMENTS
A weekly test and two more serious exams in the middle and in the end of the course. For the final result, tests count approximately 30%, first (shorter) exam 30%, final exam 40%.

There will be two non-graded exercise lists (in replacement of the non-existent exercise classes...)


Do you have technical problems? Write to us: coursera@hse.ru

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일정에 따라 마감일을 재설정합니다.

고급 단계

완료하는 데 약 27시간 필요

영어

자막: 영어

강사

Ekaterina Amerik

Professor

Department of Mathematics

21,202명의 학습자

1 Course

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국립 연구 고등 경제 대학

National Research University - Higher School of Economics (HSE) is one of the top research universities in Russia. Established in 1992 to promote new research and teaching in economics and related disciplines, it now offers programs at all levels of university education across an extraordinary range of fields of study including business, sociology, cultural studies, philosophy, political science, international relations, law, Asian studies, media and communicamathematics, engineering, and more.

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주

주 1

완료하는 데 1시간 필요

Introduction

This is just a two-minutes advertisement and a short reference list.

완료하는 데 1시간 필요

2개 동영상 (총 4분), 3 개의 읽기 자료

2개의 동영상

About the University1m

Introduction to Galois Theory2m

3개의 읽기 자료

About the University10m

Introduction/Manual10m

References10m

완료하는 데 2시간 필요

Week 1

We introduce the basic notions such as a field extension, algebraic element, minimal polynomial, finite extension, and study their very basic properties such as the multiplicativity of degree in towers.

완료하는 데 2시간 필요

6개 동영상 (총 84분)

6개의 동영상

1.1 Field extensions: examples14m

1.2 Algebraic elements. Minimal polynomial.12m

1.3 Algebraic elements. Algebraic extensions.14m

1.4 Finite extensions. Algebraicity and finiteness.14m

1.5 Algebraicity in towers. An example.14m

1.6. A digression: Gauss lemma, Eisenstein criterion.13m

1개 연습문제

Quiz 140m

주

주 2

완료하는 데 2시간 필요

Week 2

We introduce the notion of a stem field and a splitting field (of a polynomial). Using Zorn's lemma, we construct the algebraic closure of a field and deduce its unicity (up to an isomorphism) from the theorem on extension of homomorphisms.

완료하는 데 2시간 필요

5개 동영상 (총 67분)

5개의 동영상

2.1 Stem field. Some irreducibility criteria.13m

2.2 Splitting field.11m

2.3 An example. Algebraic closure.14m

2.4 Algebraic closure (continued).15m

2.5 Extension of homomorphisms. Uniqueness of algebraic closure.11m

1개 연습문제

QUIZ 240m

주

주 3

완료하는 데 4시간 필요

Week 3

We recall the construction and basic properties of finite fields. We prove that the multiplicative group of a finite field is cyclic, and that the automorphism group of a finite field is cyclic generated by the Frobenius map. We introduce the notions of separable (resp. purely inseparable) elements, extensions, degree. We briefly discuss perfect fields. This week, the first ungraded assignment (in order to practice the subject a little bit) is given.

완료하는 데 4시간 필요

6개 동영상 (총 82분), 1 개의 읽기 자료, 1 개의 테스트

6개의 동영상

3.1 An example (of extension). Finite fields.12m

3.2 Properties of finite fields.14m

3.3 Multiplicative group and automorphism group of a finite field.15m

3.4 Separable elements.15m

3.5. Separable degree, separable extensions.15m

3.6 Perfect fields.9m

1개의 읽기 자료

Ungraded assignment 12시간

1개 연습문제

QUIZ 340m

주

주 4

완료하는 데 2시간 필요

Week 4

This is a digression on commutative algebra. We introduce and study the notion of tensor product of modules over a ring. We prove a structure theorem for finite algebras over a field (a version of the well-known "Chinese remainder theorem").

완료하는 데 2시간 필요

6개 동영상 (총 91분)

6개의 동영상

4.1 Definition of tensor product15m

4.2 Tensor product of modules14m

4.3 Base change14m

4.4 Examples. Tensor product of algebras.15m

4.5 Relatively prime ideals. Chinese remainder theorem.14m

4.6 Structure of finite algebras over a field. Examples.16m

1개 연습문제

QUIZ 440m

주

주 5

완료하는 데 4시간 필요

Week 5

We apply the discussion from the last lecture to the case of field extensions. We show that the separable extensions remain reduced after a base change: the inseparability is responsible for eventual nilpotents. As our next subject, we introduce normal and Galois extensions and prove Artin's theorem on invariants. This week, the first graded assignment is given.

완료하는 데 4시간 필요

6개 동영상 (총 81분)

6개의 동영상

5.1 Structure of finite K-algebras, examples (cont'd)12m

5.2 Separability and base change14m

5.3 Separability and base change (cont'd). Primitive element theorem.14m

5.4 Examples. Normal extensions.13m

5.5 Galois extensions.11m

5.6 Artin's theorem.13m

1개 연습문제

QUIZ 540m

주

주 6

완료하는 데 2시간 필요

Week 6

We state and prove the main theorem of these lectures: the Galois correspondence. Then we start doing examples (low degree, discriminant, finite fields, roots of unity).

완료하는 데 2시간 필요

6개 동영상 (총 86분)

6개의 동영상

6.1 Some further remarks on normal extension. Fixed field.13m

6.2 The Galois correspondence14m

6.3 Galois correspondence (cont'd). First examples (polynomials of degree 2 and 3.14m

6.4 Discriminant. Degree 3 (cont'd). Finite fields.15m

6.5 An infinite degree example. Roots of unity: cyclotomic polynomials14m

6.6 Irreducibility of cyclotomic polynomial.The Galois group.14m

1개 연습문제

QUIZ 640m

주

주 7

완료하는 데 4시간 필요

Week 7

We continue to study the examples: cyclotomic extensions (roots of unity), cyclic extensions (Kummer and Artin-Schreier extensions). We introduce the notion of the composite extension and make remarks on its Galois group (when it is Galois), in the case when the composed extensions are in some sense independent and one or both of them is Galois. The notion of independence is also given a precise sense ("linearly disjoint extensions"). This week, an ungraded assignment is given.

완료하는 데 4시간 필요

7개 동영상 (총 87분), 1 개의 읽기 자료

7개의 동영상

7.1 Cyclotomic extensions (cont'd). Examples over Q.12m

7.2. Kummer extensions.14m

7.3. Artin-Schreier extensions.11m

7.4. Composite extensions. Properties.13m

7.5. Linearly disjoint extensions. Examples.15m

7.6. Linearly disjoint extensions in the Galois case.12m

7.7 On the Galois group of the composite.7m

1개의 읽기 자료

Ungraded assignment 22시간 5분

주

주 8

완료하는 데 2시간 필요

Week 8

We finally arrive to the source of Galois theory, the question which motivated Galois himself: which equation are solvable by radicals and which are not? We explain Galois' result: an equation is solvable by radicals if and only if its Galois group is solvable in the sense of group theory. In particular we see that the "general" equation of degree at least 5 is not solvable by radicals. We briefly discuss the relations to representation theory and to topological coverings.

완료하는 데 2시간 필요

6개 동영상 (총 81분)

6개의 동영상

8.1. Extensions solvable by radicals. Solvable groups. Example.15m

8.2. Properties of solvable groups. Symmetric group.13m

8.3.Galois theorem on solvability by radicals.11m

8.4.Examples of equations not solvable by radicals."General equation".13m

8.5. Galois action as a representation. Normal base theorem.14m

8.6. Normal base theorem (cont'd). Relation with coverings.12m

1개 연습문제

QUIZ 840m

주

주 9

완료하는 데 4시간 필요

Week 9.

We build a tool for finding elements in Galois groups, learning to use the reduction modulo p. For this, we have to talk a little bit about integral ring extensions and also about norms and traces.This week, the final graded assignment is given.

완료하는 데 4시간 필요

6개 동영상 (총 84분)

6개의 동영상

9.1 Integral elements over a ring.12m

9.2. Integral extensions, integral closure, ring of integers of a number field.15m

9.3. Norm and trace.14m

9.4. Norm and trace (cont'd). Ring of integers is a free module.13m

9.5. Reduction modulo a prime.13m

9.6. Reduction modulo a prime and finding elements in Galois groups.14m

1개 연습문제

QUIZ 940m

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Introduction to Galois Theory