In this module we'll cover the topics on the properties of steels and their applications. This module consists of three lessons. Before we go to the details, I would like to show what kinds of steel products are available and what kinds of the processing are required to produce a final product. These are some more detailed description of processes which you already learned previously. As you can see here, quite diverse products are available, for example, hot rolled coils, and cold rolled coils and sheet products, as well as bar, wire, forgings, tubes which are non-flat products. Fabrication of different products requires the use of different processing steps. For example, if you want to make a cold rolled coil, then the slab will be subjected to hot rolling process followed by annealing and pickling, cold rolling and another annealing and pickling process. If you want to make non-flat product, one example is the wire, then you start from the billet and billet will be subjected to wire rolling and followed by wire drawing and annealing. So depending on the need, one can choose the appropriate processes to make a final product. Steels can be categorized into various types depending on the strength, microstructure, and characteristics. The one you see here is a generally accepted categorization of steels, conventional low strength steels, high strength low alloy steels such as microalloyed ferrite-base and acicular ferrite steels, multi-phase steels such as dual phase and complex phase steels, and transformation induced plasticity steels. Of course we have the higher strength grade such as martensitic steels and the recently developed two versions; one of them is TWIP steels which has an excellent combination of strength and ductility and the other one called lightweight steels which show lower density than conventional steels. Of course there are other type of steels that do not belong to the above mentioned type of steels. These various type of steels would show different combination of mechanical properties. Here in this figure, the tensile strength and elongation balances are shown. There are low strength grades such as IF, mild, BH, HSIF, and carbon manganese steels. These are all the low strength steels, and you have a first generation high strength steels such as HSLA, dual phase, complex phase and TRIP steels, and you have so-called second generation advanced high strength steels such as TWIP steels and the third generation advanced high-strength steels. Of course martensite and HPF steels, which are discovered later, also belong to the first generation high strength steels.