[MUSIC] I will tell you a story about how we work with systems analysis of water systems in DTU environment. It takes its starting point in drinking water quality, but we actually work with all aspects of the urban water systems. But in relation to drinking water quality it is so that most guidelines around the world, they're building on the WHO guidelines for drinking water quality, which is based on a judgement of safety, relation to chemicals, pathogen, health and the different technologies that we can use to provide the drinking water with. But it's a benchmark that sets a level for the adequate drinking water quality and they actually recommend that it should be that you can improve upon that benchmark level of drinking water quality and one example of how these guidelines are interpreted differently around the world is seen here. Where we compare the guidelines in Denmark with the guidelines in Australia and we see that actually, just 17% of the Danish major drinking water utilities are complying with the Australian government recommended level of hardness. And also only a minor part of this and major Danish utilities comply with the total dissolved solids content that is recommended in Australia. So there is room for improvement and we have shown that this room for improvement is quite significant, actually. In this example here, we are looking at the top stage drinking water and seeing if we can soften it, removing the chalk from the water. And of course, we can do that, adding energy into a process and chemicals into a process and removing the chalk and the good thing is is that we get a lot of benefits in households. So we see that we can reduce the amount of soap needed, we can prolong the lifetime of appliances and reduce the energy consumption in the household. And this actually shows that even though we have an extra environmental burden from the increased treatment, we have an environmental benefit actually already with a slight reduction in hardness levels in the drinking water. Another example of the importance of these drinking water quality issues is seen here, where we compare two different scenarios for water supply systems in Denmark. One that is based on groundwater as it is today, simple groundwater treatment, hot, groundwater providing us drinking water compared to desalination where we can make and optimize the drinking water quality. In the current system as of today, we have a lot of fossil fuels in our energy mix. And that actually means that moving from ground water based to desalination increasing the intensity of the treatment will increase the environmental impact from the system. But in the very near future, 2020 with a larger share of renewables in our energy systems, we may actually see a reduction and that reduction in environmental impacts is mainly due to the fact that we can provide a better water quality of desalination. Of course, we could do the same by softening that already hot Danish ground water. This is of course, not the only angle to this topic here, because we also have health impacts and this graph here shows the number of cavities. In the adult, dependent on the amount of calcium and fluoride in the drinking water. And going from the situation today, around 2.5 to 3 cavities per person. In softening the water, we may increase it up to 3.5 to 4 or something in that range. Of course, there's some uncertainty on the estimate, but it shows that there are health implications also by changing the water quality and it's not only a Danish case. It's an important issue all over the world. For example, where we see a huge increase in dissemination plans being installed every year. And all these dissemination plans around the world, they provide water essentially free of minerals and we could choose to blend it with some other type of drinking water. We could add minerals and we could provide a designed water quality that is beyond adequate at least and this is not often considered, but it should be and we have to choose to do it. This is just one example of how we using a model of the physical water systems to tell us something about impacts on health and environment, but we use the same for impacts on economy and for example fresh water impact. We can gather these in multi criteria assessments to say something about the performance of the future water systems. Going back to the example of drinking water quality, we have this benchmark value of recommended, Levels of different compounds in the drinking water, but we can actually go beyond adequate and provide some more specific aims for different compounds in the drinking water and we have provided some for some compounds, but we intend in the future to expand this list. This is all about going beyond the adequate drinking water quality. Thank you. [MUSIC]
