[BLANK_AUDIO] Now, we know what is a model; we have a good definition. And it's really important because you constantly use models. A business model is a model. You use models in mathematics, you use model in economy, you, you use model all the time. So it is really important to agree on what, what is a model. You have model in science. For example, the prisoners dilemma is a way to modelize competition. And you have models everywhere. I'd like to, do a little bit more in detail in three models out of philosophy. Because this course is about philosophy and business. So, what can we learn from philosophers? Philosophy is also about models. All giants, they finally had a theory. A theory, interesting. Where does this word come from? Theos [UNKNOWN]. Look at the gods. Look at the gods. It means that, at the beginning of thinking, long long time ago you had to look at the guards to understand, to make a theory about anything. Great philosophers have theory, great scientists have, have theory and they all produce models. So let's take three examples. The first one is, very old model. It comes from oh la la, 500 years before Christos. Philosophy began with Thales. Thales used to live in Milet. Milet today in Turkey but at that time in Greece, and he was sitting in front of a tree and suddenly he had a question. He said to himself, finally is this tree the same as the tree I saw last year at this place? And you will say, of course it is the same. But think twice. Not exactly. Same location, yes, same, yeah. But there are some differences. Maybe the trees have been damaged there. Maybe there are more leaves on this side, the same for your company. If I ask you is your company today like it was a year ago, the answer is no. Is no. This man is gone and we have build a new, et cetera you've seen the difference, very easily. But what is the same in your company? What's the essence of your company? What is the same today as it was last year? And tell us, raise the question is, hey, what's the same and his answer was water. Water is the essence of change. The same water comes from the heaven, goes into the grass, it's eaten by the cow, and then it produce milk, etc, etc. Water is the constant. And, it's a great philosophy quest, philosophical question. Change is not easy to perceive, all differences. But what finally doesn't change? Why in, in, in which way is Paris today like it was a year ago? And this question of course have cross thousands of years of thinking. And one of the answers, a very old one is this one. And this is, this was proposed by Api D'autre another philosopher. And, he had like a model, a model. And, you see, the two axis in the middle. You have hot and cold. And then you have dry and humid. He produce a little matrix. He was, in a way, a consult to the people so produce matrix. And he, you can see in the four squares, the four elements. Water, earth, fire, and air organized in a matrix, and for him, it was a way to understand the world. I will not describe all those, you can see it's a highly sophisticated model, but it's a model. That was the way Api D'autre said to his friends and colleagues. I have understood how the world is working. This is the essence. This is what doesn't change. But of course, and I said it before, I will repeat myself now, a model is never good and never bad. The only relevant, relevant question about a model, is this model useful? And probably at this time it was useful. It's like accounting, accounting is not a picture of reality, it's a simplification, but it is useful. And so long, long time ago Api D'autre 400 years before Christo, Api D'autre already use models. This was my first example. The second one, which also comes from philosophy, is Plato's cave. The cave of Plato. Probably the most famous mother in the philosophy. And the story is very simple, it's, he, Plato wanted to explain how we think. So he said to us, imagine a cave and you have prisoners. The prisoners are attached and they can not move. And the only thing they see is the wall in front of them. And there is a fire in their back. So what do they see? Shadows, eventually moving shadows. They haven't seen anything else, anything else. So for them, the reality is made out of those shadows. At a given time, one of the prisoner can escape. [SOUND] Goes out of the cave and see the world. And then he comes back and tells his friends, hey, you're completely wrong, completely wrong. What you see on the wall is absolutely not the world. It's a vague fuzzy picture of realty because of the sun et cetera, et cetera. And it was such a shock for the other prisoners that he, they killed him, but this cave of Plato is still today valid in a way. To me, I used to be in a trading room. I was in charge of back office in a bank and when I saw all those crates, all those crates and the traders in front of them, I said to myself, in the end we are still today in the cave of Plato. The only difference is you don't have shadows on the wall, you just have information on the screen. Because in the end, the validity, the reliability of those figures, of those numbers, is not, I believe, what's the details of the shadows on the wall. That was my second model. In the third, you have lot, but I just select three, again from philosophy. Now we move to Schopenhauer. Schopenhauer not that old, that's 150 years ago. And, I'll tell you the story. How it happened to me. I was invited by the CEO of a car manufacture, luxury car, luxury car, and it was real interesting, because during the lunch he told me, Luke I have a problem. Mm-hm, tell me, and he said some clients leave my brand, and they don't complain. I don't understand why they leave. Because they don't have any critique. They don't say this is interesting. And suddenly I thought about Arthur Schopenhauer. And Arthur Schopenhauer has a very simple model which is, could be useful to answer such a problem. This model is very simple. Two words, have and desire, have and desire. And according to Schopenhauer suffering is not when you don't have what you desire. Suffering is when you don't desire what you have. And that is interesting, because it's upside down. We are convinced, okay, I don't have this, I'm so sad. Oh, la, la. I'm angry. I don't have what I desire. Schopenhauer said very clearly, no, no, no, the real suffering, the real pain is when you don't desire any more what you have. And he called this boredom. And I told the CEO, probably, your clients get bored of your cars. And this is not an easy situation. If you complain, my car, you can fix the problem. Say, okay, I don't I have a little noise in my wheel. So, you can fix the problem, because they don't have what they desire. But a client who gets bored, he doesn't desire anymore his car. That's a problem and that's how we start working with him. And according to Shepard Noir, there is a way to get out of those two situation. And it is simple. In a way, you have to organize a life in a such a way you desire what you have.
