[MUSIC] So, we've seen so far three different type of perspectives. Trait theory, what characteristics do leaders have. Behavioral theories, what do they do. And then contingency theories, how does it depend on the situation and on the followers what people do. But as you will see here, maybe something is still missing. If you think back once again to the leader that you admired, I would bet that at least some of you have written down something related to this person inspires me. This person changed something in me. This person made me believe into something that I never really did before. And this is really also where the most recent leadership theories have started moving, focusing on perspectives of charisma and on transformation, on change. Together, they are called neo-charismatic theories or how can leaders inspire followers? So we know from many leaders that they are able, they have this quality that they can in fact stimulate and inspire people to do something that they'd never thought was possible, that they'd not even think about before. And this is a dimension of leadership that prior theories, the prior perspectives, could not really cover. So let's look at two specific ways, two specific perspectives, that these theories would describe. The first is charismatic leadership. Charismatic leadership is the type of leadership that is visionary. And it's made believable by leaders taking maybe even some personal risks to achieve this vision. A vision of course is something that you want to achieve. Something that you foresee happening for the future. A state of something, your team, your organization, your country, that so far has not existed. Also leaders who show this type of charismatic leadership tend to be sensitive to what followers needs. So the vision, the charisma comes from something that, in fact, appeals to followers. It's something that they want. Maybe they didn't even really know beforehand. But it is something that appeals to them. Also, what we do see with this type of leadership is that, sometimes, these are leaders who show quite a bit of behavior that is not so conventional. They challenge the status quo. They go beyond what other people have done. And because of that, people ascribe charisma, a certain appeal, to these people and they buy into what they want to achieve. The second type of leadership that I want to discuss here is also a very commonly used leadership style or let's say a commonly researched leadership style, and in fact, this has also been shown to be very effective in terms of inspiring followers to achieve the common goal. To go, to spend their time and their efforts into something that the leaders sees. And it's called transformational leadership. So as the name already suggests, transformational leadership is the type of leadership, the type of behavior that leaders show that manage to transform something in the followers, in the employees. They want to achieve something that they didn't want before. That they didn't think of before. And this type of leadership has a few characteristics. For example, what you see leaders showing this leadership style do is they care for their followers. So it's not that there is really only something that they want to achieve for their own good, but they do manage to instill in followers a feeling that leaders care for them. They also inspire them with a vision, with an idea, with a common purpose where to move to. They also challenge them. Transformational leadership is a type of leadership where people say do you remember when we discussed goal setting theory in the prior week? So this is exactly where to challenge aspect of transformational comes in. These leaders are able to set goals to present ideas for what the collective can achieve, that is challenging. It's not easy. It's not evident that you can achieve it. And by doing that they release a lot of energy, they channel a lot of people's time and effort into achieving that common idea, that common vision. Finally, very important, a transformational leader is always an example for others. It's probably easy to relate to that if you say one thing about the vision, the inspiration, the challenging, but then as a leader, you don't show that in your behavior, this is hardly credible. So it's very important for this transformational impact that as a leader you show consistency between what you say and what you do. If you say you care for your people but then in practice you don't really care, you don't really take concern of what your people are doing, how they are feeling, what they're working on, this is not very believable. And as a leader your behavior in the end really speaks louder than your words. So this dimension of being an example for what you want to achieve is a very important aspect of transformational leadership. So with that, we've seen for the neo-charismatic theories that they've really brought an aspect of change inspiration, buying into a certain vision in the discussion of leadership theory and leadership perspectives. With that, let me now point you to some, let's say, current perspectives of leadership or some dimension, some things that leadership researchers these days think about and want to understand more. [MUSIC]