[BLANK_AUDIO] Welcome to our third lesson of our course on the emergence of the modern beliefs. And our course today is on the rise of nationalism in the Middle East on the one hand, and the demise, the end of the Ottoman Empire on the other. [BLANK_AUDIO] Muslims did not traditionally connect collective identity with territoriality. Connection of identity for Muslims was a matter of religious belief, and not of territorial belonging. But under the impact of European ideas during the 19th century, the idea of territorial nationalism began to become more acceptable, concepts began to change. And in the generation of Islamic reform in the late 19th and early 20th century, nationalism became a much more acceptable idea. And, we are talking about three forms of nationalism in this period: Turkish, Arab, and Egyptian. [BLANK_AUDIO] These nationalisms were the property, for the most part, of an intellectual, elitist, westernizing, urban minority. Nationalism was not the province of the masses of the citizenry. Nationalists were especially the graduates of the new schools, those who had been exposed more intensively to Western ideas. The new schools produced new social classes, new professions. Teachers for the new schools who were teaching new subjects, lawyers and judges administering new European inspired legal systems. These were the people who were the most supportive of the new nationalist ideas. [BLANK_AUDIO] But for most of the population, the people were still very deeply embedded in Islamic tradition. Though, what exactly tradition meant was beginning to change also. But religious leaders still wielded constant local authority. The Ottoman Sultan at the end of the 19th century, Abdulhamid the Second claimed to be the Caliph of all Muslims, mobilizing popular support for the Ottoman Empire on the basis of their Islamic identity. But nevertheless, nationalist movements did arise and in response to a variety of different challenges.