Let's continue our discussion about the transformation that's taking place in the communications service provider network. We're going to touch on some of the use cases at the edge, and by that we're going to touch on both the wireline and wireless components of the edge. Let's begin that discussion with a more involved conversation around the 5G and the transformation for IoT. But before we get there, quick history lesson. So if we look at it, 5G's the fifth generation, we've had 3-4 generations of technology prior to this. It started with what now we call the 1G technology. It wasn't even called that in the beginning, it was just the mobile network. It was based on analog technology. It really was developed and emerged into the mid-to-late '80s and became widespread usage in that mid to late '80s timeframe. 2G came about in the early 1990s, '91, '92 timeframe. With that, we began to see the emergence of digital capabilities, just the transformation from 1G to 2G moved from analog capabilities into a digital capability. With the introduction of digital capability, we're able to do things like texting. Seems pretty mundane by today's standards but it was introduced with the 2D technology. About a decade later, 3G emergence came along and we have the capability of doing narrow band connectivity to the Internet, and we started to see the emergence of applications that were well beyond that of just simple texting, introduction of MMS, and the ability to access the Internet in some interesting ways. There still deficiencies in that eight to a 100 kilobit bandwidth, where we were able to do things like stream videos at that point and the demand continued to grow. Around the 2010 timeframe, the emergence of the 4G standard or sometimes it's also called the LTE, Long-Term Evolution. Long-term evolution advanced technology, where we have the capacity in the network now to do more of a true mobile broadband capacity that we're all familiar with today. So we're able to stream as if we're sitting at our home behind a broadband connection through the 4G network. Now, the point here is that the network continues to evolve, it continues to grow, and we're facing a new introduction of the 5G's fifth generation of technology. We've talked about that a little bit earlier. We're going to dig down more into it. It's more than just the radio aspect. It's the implications that get driven into the network end to end from the user's standpoint and from the introduction of those devices, the IoT that we've spoken before that we're going to be able to bring into this network. Again, you've heard me say these numbers a couple of times now. We anticipate they're going to be 20-50 billion new connected devices coming. Because of the number of devices in areas that they operate in, the functionality of those devices are going to place different demands onto the network. IoT is going to place different demands both on the scale and the scope. They're going to deliver insights into that new radio and capabilities into that 5G space. The Visual Cloud, which we'll talk about in another section, is also an area where we look at the possibility of driving even more bandwidth, more capability, and quicker turnaround, shorter latencies if you will to the users through that possibility. Then obviously, everyone turned about the automated driving or the autonomous vehicle. This is going to require some low latency, very low latency capabilities in addition to those we might find in AR and VR type of applications. So what we're really seeing here is that, the new generation of the edge on the wireless network is going to be 5G, and it's going to have additional requirements replaced on the network that mandate that we do things differently inside the core of the network.
