>> This is a view of the Temple of Jupiter or the Capitolium in the Forum of Pompeii, an extremely important building. And one that you can see from the monument list also began what began to be put up quite early, in 150 B.C. But its triple cella honoring the Capitoline Triad, Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva was, it won't surprise you to hear, put up only after the Romans made Pompeii a colony. And that happened in 80 B.C. So you'll see that I've given you a date of 150 for the temple, but 80 B.C. for the renovation of the cella to incorporate these three spaces for, statues of the Capitoline Triad. Let's look at the plan first. You see it down here at the bottom. Let me, move that arrow away. You see it down here at the bottom. And you can see that the plan of the temple corresponds to plans that we've seen for other temples that we've studied thus far this term. The Temple of Portunus for example, where we see this combination of an Etruscan plan and a Greek elevation. You can see here the facade emphasis, single stair case, deep porch, free standing columns in that porch. The flat back wall as was characteristic of Etruscan temple design. The plain side walls over here. We can see all of that in this plan. And we also know that the building was made out of stone, tufa in this case. Tufa not from Rome, but tufa from this part of Italy from the Campanian region. Tufa, there, for the, both the columns and also the capital, so a stone building, so this same combination of Etruscan plan and Greek elevation that we saw in Rome. This view of the temple also shows you that it had a tall podium, as was characteristic of these other early temples. Here you can see the remains of the stone columns and of the building itself. It's not as well preserved as we wish it were. But enough is there to give us a very good sense of what the Capitolium looked like in ancient Roman times. I mentioned that the other early structure added to the Forum complex was the Basilica of Pompeii. And I'd like to turn to that now. The Basilica of Pompeii dates to around 120 B.C. You see its plan here again in the bottom left, and you'll remember it splayed off from the Forum to the left bottom side as you face the Temple of Jupiter. You can see that the plan of the Basilica is very interesting because it actually is quite similar to the plan of the Forum itself. It is a rectangular space, not as large and not as elongated, but none the less a rectangular space. Its entrance way is over here from the Forum. You can see that there are columns inside, a colonnade just as we saw in the Forum itself. And the building is, is, is organized as is the Forum itself, axially so that there is a focus, something at the end that serves as the focus and then the axiality comes from that. We see the focus over here at the end. It's not another temple, it is a tribunal. A tribunal on which the judge would sit to try the law cases that came here. The main difference between the Basilica and the Forum itself, is that the Basilica was roofed in antiquity. The roof is no longer there, as you saw in the Google Earth view, but it was roofed in antiquity. Whereas, again, the Forum was open to the sky. The view that you see of the Basilica as it looks today is also very illuminating. We are looking toward the tribunal. You can see the tribunal is actually extremely well preserved. We get a very good sense of what it looked like in antiquity. It itself has a tall podium, we can imagine the magistrate holding court up here on the top of that tall podium, benea, between the Corinthian columns. In this case we're not absolutely sure but we believe the second story which has smaller columns, they diminish in size on the second story, also were Corinthian columns because you can see at least one of them. One of them is restored at the top right but that one is a Corinthian capital. So we believe Corinthian order on the lower story, Corinthian order on the second story, as well, beginning to show this Roman penchant for the Corinthian order, which we've already discussed. And you can also see here some of the, the lower parts of the columns that would have been encircling the center of the structure and dividing the central space from two aisles, one on either side. you, it looks like they're made out of brick but they're actually made out of a tile that looks like brick. Brick wasn't being used quite this early but a tile resembling brick was used in Pompeii, and we can see that served as the core of the columns. They would have been stuccoed over though, and looked more like white marble indicating to us again this desire of the Romans to make things look at least, or the Samonites at this point, and ultimately the Romans when they renovated this structure, to make it look as Greek as possible. Yeah? >> Why are the columns chopped off? >> Why are the columns chopped off? You mean almost all in the same, [LAUGH] same place? You know these, these things were often pieced and so sometimes they can, that can happen. And, it's actually one of these, you raised a very interesting issue. Because one of the things that, that archaeologist are beginning to speculate only recently about, you see this in some of the most recent literature, is, you know, we, we think, we, we here, here I say, and I said it today, that this city was preserved, exactly as it was, in 79. And yet when you look, at what it looks like, it's actually pretty, in a pretty, ruinous state. so, that could mean two things. One that they didn't make all that much progress in that 17 years. That they worked very hard, but that the damage has been so significant that they were not able to to bring these things back you know as much as they had hoped to. But it also may be just the destruction. I mean, while, while the ash and lava covered the city and protected it, it obviously wrought some damage as well. So that some of these things, you know, obviously came down and over time the material got, you know, washed away or taken away or whatever. But it is curious that they sort of broke in exactly the same place, but it's because, because of the construction technique and the way in which they were pieced together. >> They would have been like stacked up [INAUDIBLE] >> Yeah, exactly. Let me show you another view of this right side wall of the Basillica. You see these columns here again, very regular. There's a young woman standing right here, so that gives you a sense of scale. She's about only up to the, this, this point of the column, so you can see how large in scale these all, these were in ancient Roman times. But if you look at the two that are closest to the tribunal, you will see that they have Ionic capitals. So that gives us enough to go on to speculate that the first story of columns, and there were two stories on the walls, two stories of columns, the lower ones were Ionic and you can see that they are attached or engaged into the walls. Those were Ionic and then we believe that there was a second story that we, we know there was a second story, but that the second, second story of columns would have been Corinthian capitals, up there. This is a restored view of what the Basilica would have looked like, in, the, in 120 after it was built, 120 B.C. after it was built. And you can see here the tribunal, we’re looking toward the tribunal, it’s two-storied, Corinthian order on both stories, tall podium. We see here in black the the columns of the central space that divide the center from the two side aisles. And here you can see very well the way in which they created two stories, a bottom story and an upper story. You could be, you could walk on that upper story. And using the Ionic capitals in the first story and smaller Corinthian columns in the second story. And it's important for me to note, in terms of the development, the later development of Basilican architecture, that this Basilica in Pompeii of this early date, did not have what's called a clerestory. Clerestory. Clerestory. A clerestory. What is a clerestory? A clerestory is a series of windows open to the outside that allow views out and light in. This building does not have a clerestory, so it probably, in its heyday in the Samnite period was probably on the dark side. But we will see that clerestory, the clerestory is incorporated into later Roman Basilican architecture.
